A review on potential anti-diabetic herbs and polyherbal formulations concept

Jimisha Dharmendrasinh Kher; Hemangiben Hasmukhbhi Patel

Visibility 223 Views
Downloads 38 Downloads
Permissions
DOI 10.18231/j.ijpp.2023.003
CrossMark
Citation

A review on potential anti-diabetic herbs and polyherbal formulations concept

Author Details:

Jimisha Dharmendrasinh Kher ^*

Hemangiben Hasmukhbhi Patel

Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 10(1):7-11, 2023. | 10.18231/j.ijpp.2023.003

View PDF

Abstract

Multifactorial diseases, for diabetes develop various complication like hepatic toxicity, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and immunodeficiency etc. Numerous medicinal herbs have been used for the diabetes mellitus in traditional systems of medicine worldwide as they are a great source of phytochemical constituents and many of them are known to be effective against diabetes. Medicinal herbs with antidiabetic activities are being more desired, to lesser side effect and low cost. The efficacy of antihyperglycemic herbs is achieved by increasing insulin secretion, enhancing glucose uptake, activate GLP and inhibiting glucose production. The antidiabetic herbs contains many phytochemical constituents they single herb use produce mild effect when the combining of two — three herbs which having different chemical constituent and pharmacological action and produce synergistic effect and avoid repeated dose and achieve the efficacies therapeutic effec.

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus has been defined by American Diabetes Association Expert Committee in their 1997 advice as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by increase the glucose level in blood, altered metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates & proteins resulting from fault in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long damage, dysfunction & failure of v organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart & blood vessels thus covering a wide range of heterogeneous disease contains more number of phytochemical substance like various proteins, calcium, carbohydrate etc.^[1], ^[2], ^[3], ^[4], ^[5]”

In severe forms, ketoacidosis or a non–ketotic hyperosmolar state may develop and lead to stupor, coma and, in absence of effective treatment, death. The long–term effects such as progressive development of retinopathy with potential blindness and nephropathy that may lead to renal failure, and/or neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers, amputation, Charcot joints, and features of autonomic dysfunction, including sexual dysfunction, and increased risk of cardiovascular, peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease.”

Types of diabetes mellitus

Type I diabetes mellitus results from immune mediated destruction of the β cells of the pancreas, resulting in eventual absolute insulin deficiency. Roughly 5-10 % of people with diabetes have type I disease. Patients of type I disease is more likely to develop ketoacidosis than are people with type II diabetes.”

Type II diabetes mellitus has usually some degree of insulin resistance with variable insulin secretion. Insulin secretion is said to be relatively deficient because many patients may have normal to elevated level to insulin; however, their blood sugars remain elevated because of tissue resistance to the action of insulin. Many patients with type II diabetes can survive without insulin.^[6], ^[7], ^[8], ^[9]”

Antidiabetic Effect of Folklore Medicinal Plants

S. No	Plant name	Family	Parts used
1	Caesalpinia digyna	Caesalpiniaceae	Root
2	Cassia occidentalis	Fabaceae	Whole plant
3	Cassia auriculata	Fabaceae	Whole plant
4	Acacia arabica	Leguminosae	Gum
5	Acacia senegal	Leguminosae	Gum
6	Pithecellobium bigeminum	Fabaceae	Seed
7	Rhizophora mucronata	Rhizoporaceae	Whole plant
8	Kandelia rheedei	Rhizoporaceae	bark
9	Eugenia jambolana	Myertaceae	Seed
10	Casearia escalenta	Salicaceae	Root
11	Pterocarpus marsuupium	Fabaceae	Wood
12	Glycyrrhiza glabra	Leguminosae	Root
13	Casearia escalenta	Salicaceae	Root, stem
14	Syzygium cumini	Myrtaceae	Seed, bark
15	Asparagus racemosus	Asparagaceae	Whole plant
16	Boerharia diffusa	Nyctaginaceae	Leaf
17	Sphaeranthus indicus	Asteraceae	Whole plant
18	Tinospora cordifolia	Menispermaceae	Stem, roots
19	Swetia chirata	Gentianaceae	Bark, leaf
20	Stevia rebudiana	Asteraceae	Leaf
21	Tribulus terrestris	Zygophyllaceae	Leaf, Fruit
22	Phyllanthus amarus	Phyllanthaceae	Leaf
23	Gmelina arborea	Verbenaceae	Fruit, bark
24	Gossypium herbaceum	Malvaceae	Leaf, seed
25	Berberis aristata	Berberidaceae	Bark, stem, root
26	Aloe vera	Asphodelaceae	Juice
27	Commiphora wightii	Burrseraceae	Gum
28	Ocimum sanctum	Lamiaceae	Leaf
29	Abutilon indicum	Malvaceae	Whole plant
30	Rumex maritimus	Polygonaceae	Aerial parts
31	Coccinia Indica	Cucurbitaceae	Fruit, Leaf
32	Emblica officinalis	Phyllanthaceae	Fruit, Leaf, Root
33	Aegle marmelos	Rutaceae	Fruit
34	Limonia acidissimia	Rutaceae	Stem bark, Fruit
35	Ceratonia siliqua	Fabaceae	Seed Leaf
36	Pinus sylvestris	Pinaceae	Bark
37	Glycine max	Fabaceae	Seed
38	Pisum sativum	Fabaceae	pericarp of pods
39	Bougainvillea glabra	Nyctaginaceae	Flower, Leaf
40	Bougainvillea spectabilis	Nyctaginaceae	Flower
41	Scclerocarrya birrea	Anacardiaceae	Stem bark
42	Annona squamosa	Annonaceae	Root
43	Polyalthia longifolia	Annonaceae	Bark
44	Ferula asfoetida	Umbbelliferae	Resin
45	Cathranthus roseus	Apoocynaceae	Leaf
46	Ichnocarpus frutescene	Apocynaceae	Leaf
47	Acanthopanax senticosus	Araliaceae	Stem bark
48	Caralluma sinaica	Apocynaceae	Root, aerial parts
49	Terminalia bellerica	Combretaceae	Fruits
50	Costus speciosus	Costaceae	Rhizome

Table 1 Medicinal plants having antidiabetic activity1

Table 1 Cont...
51	Vacccinium bracteatum	Ericaceae	Leaf
52	Jatropha curcas	Euphorbiaceae	Leaf
53	Secrinega virosa	Phyllanthaceae	Leaf
54	Trigonella foenum graecum	Fabaceae	Seed, leaf
55	Zingiber officinale	Zingiberaceae	Rhizome
56	Momardica charatina	Cucurbitaceae	Ripe and Unripe Fruit, Leaf
57	Senna auriculata	Caesalpinioideae	Leaf
58	Ougeinia aojeinensis	Fabaceae	Bark
59	Cinnamonum zeylanicum	Lauraceae	Bark
60	Allium cepa	Amaryllidaceae	Fruit
61	Strychonous potatorum	Loganiaceae	Whole plant
62	Adansonnia digitata	Malvaceae	Stem bark
63	Acorus calamus	Acoraceae	Rhizome
64	Cassia glauca	Fabaceae	Bark, leaf

Table 0

Momordica charantia (bitter melon)

Momordica charantia are also called as vegetable insulin. It conatin various phytochemical constituents like polypeptide-p, Momordicoside S, Momordicoside T, Conjugated linolenic acid, linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, karavilagenine E, Oleanolic acid, Trehalose, Momordin and 9c, 11t, 13t conjugated linolenic acid. Different chemical constituents having a different pharmacological action to inscrease the insulin level and decrease the blood glucose level via utilization of glucose. Momordica charantia ethanol extract having more amount of saponin fraction and cucurbitane triterpenoids like, momordicine I, momordicine II, 3-hydroxycucurbita-5,24-dien-19-al-7,23-di-O-glucopyranoside, and kuguaglycoside G are increase the insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo model. The Momordica charantia contain protein parts which having potential antioxidant properties and activate the GLUT4 transporter potentiate the glucose uptake. It contains the Oleanolic acid which prevents cartilage degeneration in diabetic mice via PPARY associated mitochondrial stabilization.^[10], ^[11], ^[12], ^[13], ^[14], ^[15]”

Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi)

Tinospora cordifolia are highly appreciated in ayurveda for curing most all dieasease. It contains Alkaloids like Magnoflorine, Isocolumbin, Tembetarine, Berberine, trtahydopalmatine and Glycoside like syringing, tinocordiside, Cordifolioside A. The aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem are the b-cell regenerative efficacy in pancreases to increase the secretion of insulin. It contains berberine which Modulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 release by In vivo and in vitro studies. It contains Borapetoside C which improves insulin sensitivity in diabetic rats. The alkaloid which is decrease the blood glucose level. The Magnoflorine from Tinospora cordifolia stem inhibits a-glucosidase in rats.^[16], ^[17], ^[18], ^[19], ^[20], ^[21]”

Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek)

Trigonella foenum graecum seeds are contains more amount of 4-hydroxisoleucine. 4-hydroxisoleucine nonproteinogenic aminoacid is the potent antidiabitic properties. It's stimulating glucose dependent insulin secreation from pancreatic β cell, reduced hepatic and renal glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6 biphosphatase, direct stimulating effect on β cell function, inhibiting α-amylase enzyme and reduced insulin resistance in muscle and liver by activating insulin receptor associate phosphoinositide 3 kinase activities. Trigonella foenum graecum seeds are contains Galactomannan polysaccharide. Its glucose uptake by peripheral cells and tissue, increase in glycogen content in liver and increase glycogenesis and decrease in glcogenolysis. Trigonella foenum graecum seeds are contains Trigonelline alkaloid which improvement in hepatic and muscle glucogen content.^[22], ^[23], ^[24], ^[25], ^[26]”

Stevia rebudiana

Stevia rebudiana having the sweetening properties and also having the antidiabitic properties. Its containg mainly glycoside like stevioside. Stevioside is natural sweetner and the increase the insulin sensitivity.

Polly Herbal Formulation Concept

Drug formulation in Ayurveda is based on two principles: Use as a single drug and use of more than one drugs, in which the latter is known as poly herbal formulation (PHF).^[27], ^[28], ^[29], ^[30], ^[31]

**Figure 1** : Polyherbal formulation concept

This key therapeutic herbal master plan utilize the merging of medicinal herbs to achieve extra therapeutic effectiveness, usually known as poly pharmacy or poly herbalism. Based on the nature of the interaction, there are two mechanisms on how synergism acts (i.e., pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic). “In terms of pharmacokinetic synergism, the capacity of herb to facilitate the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of the other herbs. Pharmacodynamics synergism on the other hand, studies the synergistic effect when active constituents with similar therapeutic activity are targeted to a homogeneous receptor or physiological system. Other than that, it is believed that abundance of factors and difficulty cause diseases in most of the cases, leading to both visible and invisible symptoms. Here, mixing of herbals may act on more targets at the same time to provide a thorough relief. No disease has just one single symptom. Also in the pathogenesis of a disease different factors or at work. The common cold causes cough, headache, runny nose, nausea, fatigue. Likewise, we need non-identical medicines (plants) to resolve the signs and symptoms of a disease. The plants in a poly-herbal medicine may: rise the effectively and potency of the formulation, reduce unwanted effects, make the formulation more palatable, and increase its lifespan. Due to synergism, poly herbalism confers some benefits not available in single herbal formulation. It is evident that superior therapeutic effect can be reached with a single multi-constituent formulation. For this, a beneath dose of the herbal preparation would be needed to achieve advantageous pharmacological action, thus reducing the risk of side-effects. Besides, PHFs bring to improved convenience for patients by eliminating the need of taking more than one different single herbal formulation at a time, which indirectly leads to better compliance and therapeutic effect. All these benefits have resulted in the popularity of PHF in the market when collate to single herbal formulation.

Conclusion

Diabetes is a clinical syndrome characterized by the insulin deficiency, insulin resistance in human beings. Hyperglycemia leads to glycation of body proteins, fat and carbohydrate that in turn causes secondary complication the affecting eyes, neurons, kidney and liver. However, Multifactorial diseases to require multi drug formulation consisting of medications from different pharmacological actions to prevent their complication use of two-three herbs mixture (polyherbarisum) may overcome this problem and help to prevent complication still need of new well polyherbal formulation to achieving the avoid the society problem.

Source of Funding

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

References

Kirtikar KR, Basu B. . Indian Medicinal Plants. 2019. [Google Scholar]
Sharma R, Amin H, Prajapati P. Antidiabetic claims of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers: critical appraisal and role in therapy. Asian Pacific J Trop Biomed. 2015;5(1):68-78. [Google Scholar]
Virdi J, Sivakami, Shahani AC, Suthar MM, Banavalikar MK, Biyani. Antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts from Momordica charantia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. ;88:107-111. [Google Scholar]
Ahmad A, Alghamdi S, Mahmood K. Fenugreek a multipurpose crop: Potentialities and improvements. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2016;23(2):300-10. [Google Scholar]
Shih C, Lin C, Lin W, Wu J. Momordica charantia extract on insulin resistance and the skeletal muscle GLUT4 protein in fructose-fed rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;123(1):82-90. [Google Scholar]
Kellera A, Mab J, Kavaliera A, Hec K, Marie B, D EB. Saponins from the traditional medicinal plant Momordica charantia stimulate insulin secretion in vitro. Phytomedicine. 2011;19(1):32-7. [Google Scholar]
Desai S, Tatke P. Charantin: An important lead compound from Momordica charantia for the treatment of diabetes. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2015;3(6):163-6. [Google Scholar]
Joseph B. Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency. Asian Pacific J Trop Dis. 2013;3(2):93-102. [Google Scholar]
Patel D, Prasad S, Kumar R, Hemalatha S. An overview on antidiabetic medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property. Asian Pacific J Trop Biomed. 2012;2(4):320-30. [Google Scholar]
Arumugam G, Manjula P, Paari N. A Review: Anti diabetic medicinal plants used for diabetes mellitus. J Acute Dis. 2013;2(3):196-200. [Google Scholar]
Gauttam V, Kalia A. Development of polyherbal antidiabetic formulation encapsulated in the phospholipids vesicle system. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2013;4(2):108-17. [Google Scholar]
Rajalakshmi M, Eliza J, Priya C, Nirmala A, Daisy P. Anti-diabetic properties of Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts on streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009;3(5):171-80. [Google Scholar]
Mowla A, Alauddin M. Atiar Rahmanand Kabir Ahmed.antihyperglycemic effect of trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and its use in diabetes mellitus: a brief qualitative phytochemical and acute toxicity test on the extract. Afr J Trad. 2009;6(3):255-61. [Google Scholar]
Kher D. A review on benefit of polyherbal syrup in diabetes.. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2017;8:798-808. [Google Scholar]
Kujur R, Singh V, Ram M, Yadava KHN, Singh S, Kumari B. Antidiabetic Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extract of Stevia Rebaudiana in Alloxan-induced Diabetiis Rats. Pharmacognosy Res. 2010;2(4):258-63. [Google Scholar]
Mondaca R, Vega-Gálvez A, Zura-Bravo L, Ah-Hen K. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, source of a high-potency natural sweetener:A comprehensive review on the biochemical, nutritional and functional aspects. Food Chem. 2012;132(3):1121-32. [Google Scholar]
Badreldin H, Ali G, Tanira A, Musbah O. Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(2):409-20. [Google Scholar]
Grover J, Yadav S. Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia. J Ethnopharmacology. 2004;93(1):123-32. [Google Scholar]
Hamza N, Berke CD, Cheze R, Legarrec A, Umar A, Agli R. Preventive and curative effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds in C57BL/6J models of type2 diabetes induced by high-fat diet. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;142(2):516-22. [Google Scholar]
Shihg C, Linb C, Linc W, Binwu J. Momordica charantia extract on insulin resistance and the skeletal muscle GLUT4 protein in fructose-fed rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;123(1-4):82-90. [Google Scholar]
Keller A, Ma J, Kavaliera A, Kan H, Anne-Marie B, Brillantes E. Saponins from the traditional medicinal plant Momordica charantia stimulate insulin secretion in vitro. Phytomedicine. 2011;19(1):32-7. [Google Scholar]
Subramanian GP, Prasath S. Antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic nature of trigonelline, a major alkaloid of fenugreek seeds studied in high-fat-fed and low-dose streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetic rats. Biomed Prev Nut. 2014;4(4):475-80. [Google Scholar]
Rajalakshmi M, Anita R. b-cell regenerative efficacy of a polysaccharide isolated from methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem on streptozotocin -induced diabetic Wistar rats. Chemico-Biol Interact. 2016;243:45-53. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Yu Y, Liu L, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X, Xie L. Modulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 release by berberine: In vivo and in vitro studies. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010;79(7):1000-6. [Google Scholar]
Ruana C, Lamb S, Chic T, Leeb S, Su M. Borapetoside C from Tinospora crispa improves insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice. Phytomedicine. 2012;19(8-9):719-24. [Google Scholar]
Mayurkumar B, Patel S. Hypoglycemic activity of alkaloidal fraction of Tinospora cordifolia. Phytomedicine. 2011;18(12):1045-52. [Google Scholar]
Poovitha M. Protein extract from the fruit pulp of Momordica charantia potentiate glucose uptake by up-regulating GLUT4 and AMPK. J Funct Foods. 2017;37:507-12. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Mayurkumar B, Shrihari S. Magnoflorine from Tinospora cordifolia stem inhibits a-glucosidase and is antiglycemic in rats. J Funct Foods. 2012;4(1):79-86. [Google Scholar]
Poovitha M, Sai M. Protein extract from the fruit pulp of Momordica dioica shows antidiabetic, anti-lipidemic and antioxidant activity in diabetic rats. J Funct Foods. 2017;33:181-7. [Google Scholar]
Rangari V, Shukla P, Badole S. Hydroxyisoleucine: A Potential Antidiabetic Agent from Trigonella foenum-graecum. Glucose Intake and Utilization in Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes Glucose Intake and Utilization in Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes. 2015. [Google Scholar]
Upaganlawar A, Badole S, Bodhankar S. Antidiabetic Potential of Trigonelline and 4-Hydroxyisoleucine in Fenugreek. Bioactive Food Diet Interv Diab. 2013. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]