Introduction
Food drug interactions occur due to interaction between the drug and food products leading to decreased efficacy of the medication by bringing about change in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics parameters of the drugs.1 The absorption, distribution, metabolism, bioavailability, excretion of some drugs is influenced by the food. In previous study showed that there exists association between the number of medications a resident received with the number of drug-nutrient interactions for which a he was at risk.2 Food and drug interaction mainly leads to either increased or decreased bioavailability. This change in the parameter amounts to the failure of treatment or even the risk of adverse effects of the treatment.3 Grapefruit juice is a selective intestinal CYP3A4 inhibitor. This drastically amounts to increase in the drug in the plasma and leading to untoward drug toxicities. The worrying problem arise in elderly where they consume multiple drugs due to their prolonged medical ailments.1 Various pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics parameters are modified in the elderly patients. Many studies have established the fact that food drug interactions incidence varies from 3% to 30%.4 Alteration in the intrinsic activity of the drugs caused by the effects of additional food, herbs, beverages on the enzymes, altered receptor sensitivities of the drug are responsible for the food drug interactions.5 Many of the people are of the wrong notion that herbs and foods are completely safe without any side effects and they do not interfere with drug effects.6 The true fact lies that food definitely effects the absorption, distribution, metabolism, bioavailability, excretion of some drugs causing adverse drug reactions and therapeutic failure of the drugs.7 It is observed in some studies that one third of adults in the western world they often use herbal products by not bringing to this doctors knowledge.8 It is evident from the literature lacuna that food drug interaction happed with garlic and warfarin, St John's Wort, grape fruit juice and oral contraceptives.9 The patients who are suffering with prolonged illness like depression, chronic liver disease, chronic renal disease, congestive heart failure diabetes, hypertension needs eagle eye view to look for the untoward food drug interactions.10 It is always paramount importance to bring to the notice of the treating doctor regarding intake of concomitant any herb, food substances while taking drugs for their ailments.11 To investigate this type of food drug interactions prevalence we had planned to evaluate the knowledge, perceptions regarding the food and drug interactions among the second year undergraduate medical students.
Materials and Methods
The Study population included 152 students of 2nd year medical students of Gulbarga institute of medical sciences, Kalaburagi. They were explained about the study and their consent taken. Identity of the students was concealed. The study was cross-sectional which included a structured, self-administered questionnaire based one. The validity of questionnaire was duly checked by the subject experts. A pilot study was done in a small group of students to assess the clarity and understanding of questions, any drawbacks of the study was rectified. The permission from the Institutional Ethics Committee was taken prior to the conduct of the study. In our study, the questionnaire was obtained from the similar previous study done by Benni JM et al.12 Food and drug interactions questionnaire was composed of 23 questions which included dichotomous, open ended questions depending on the food and drug interactions prevalence and their relevance. The food and drug interactions pertaining to food with relation to antihypertensive drugs, antithyroid drugs, antidepressants, anticoagulants, anti-retroviral therapy, peptic ulcer drugs and analgesics were imbibed. Questions pertaining to counseling regarding food and drug interactions were also included. Statistical analysis: Data was expressed as counts and percentages. Graph pad prism software version 5.01 was used to analyze data.
Results
From the Table 1, it was seen that majority of 82% of the students were aware about food and alcoholic beverage interfering with drug in the body. Only 38% of the students were knew about the reporting of food drug interactions. 64% of the students had the knowledge about impact of food drug interactions depends on a various factors like drug dosage, person's age, & health status. From the Table 2, with respect to timings of food and drug intake, most of the students, were familiar with proton pump inhibitors 86%, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 78%and but were less aware of the thyroid hormones (levothyroxine) 64%.
It was evident that majority of the students 68% gave correct response scored high on the interaction of theophylline with large amounts of tea, coffee. 84% of the students agreed to avoid taking milk & dairy products, iron–rich food and supplements with Tetracyclines. Only 32% of the students had the knowledge of cheese reaction and gave correct response regarding food and drug interactions such as consumption of cheese, legumes, wine, beer with MAO inhibitors. Majority of the students 67% were aware about the fact that Drugs like Griseofulvin, Ketoconazole and Albendazole should be taken with fatty diet. It was observed that majority of the student 83% were aware about the interaction of the drugs like Metronidazole, Cefaperazone with alcohol. 70% of the students gave correct response to the avoidance of Spironolactone with potassium rich foods. 63% of the students opined that Didanosine and Indinavir must be taken on empty stomach. Majority of 84% of the students agreed that before a drug is dispensed: the package inserts listing the direction of use, warnings, interactions and precautions should be read in order to avoid food drug interactions.
Table 1
Evaluation of perceptions about food and drug interactions (n=152)
Table 2
Evaluation of knowledge about food and drug interactions(n=152)
Discussion
The concept of drug interactions incorporates food drug interactions, herb drug interactions, drug to drug interactions etc. It is earnestly to note of the fact that food and drug interactions exhibit plethora of manifestations including bioavailability, metabolism compared to drug - drug interaction.13, 14 The therapeutic efficacy of many of the drugs is governed by the effects of concomitant administration of food with the drug presenting with varied interactions.14 Food drug interactions bring about marked changes in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, bioavailability, volume of distribution, therapeutic efficacy.15, 16, 17, 18 In the literature lacuna it is found that many studies demonstrated the existence of gap in the knowledge regarding food and drug interactions among the doctors and health care professionals.19
In our study, 46% of the students gave correct response rates regarding avoidance of concurrent administration of foods like Spinach, broccoli, cauliflower, peas along with drugs like Heparin / Warfarin. Our study findings are similar to the other previous studies12, 19, 20 showing the magnitude of lack of knowledge about food and drug interactions among health care professionals. It is seen from the previous studies that food products like broccoli, spinach and other green leafy vegetables which are rich in vitamin K help in the blood clot formation process and there by antagonizes the effects of the anticoagulant drugs like warfarin, heparin.21, 22
Majority of the students 84% gave correct response rates for the knowledge of avoiding taking milk & dairy products, iron–rich food and supplements with Tetracyclines, as it is evident from the literature lacuna that Tetracyclines to be avoided with milk as it forms insoluble complex with calcium affecting its bioavailability and stains the teeth as side effect. In the present study, majority of the students gave correct response scores pertaining to the perception of food and drug interactions with relation to timings of drugs administration and food intake. 78% of the students were aware about NSAIDs, PPIs, Glipizide timing of administration of drugs with food, but students scored less correct response scores regarding timing of administration of thyroid hormones. Our study revealed that only 32% of the students gave correct response scores for the knowledge regarding cheese reaction, usage of MAO Inhibitors in patients and their concomitant avoidance of cheese, legumes, wine & beer which causes cheese reaction. The possible reasons for such low correct response scores rates and gap in their knowledge among medical students could be due to lack of awareness, less clinical exposure, improper history taking skills etc.
Our study findings are in accordance with the previous studies done by Ahmed Hilal Sheriff et al.23 In our study, Majority 95% of the students gave correct response scores for the knowledge of Glipizide, Isoniazid, antacids should be taken before food intake. Previous studies have demonstrated the fact that food greatly decreases isoniazid bioavailability,24 therefore must be administered on empty stomach. Glipizide, antidiabetic drug which belong to a sulfonylurea class of drug should be taken 30 minutes before food intake. It is evident that antacids must be taken 30 minutes prior to the food intake to increase their maximal therapeutic efficacy.25
In our study, only 58% of the students gave correct response scores for the knowledge of timing of administration of Propranolol, ACE Inhibitors which must be taken on empty stomach. In similar study done by Manrique et al.26 majority of the professional opined that to enhance therapeutic effects, drugs such as Atenolol, Captopril, Isoniazid and Rifampicin that interact with foods should be taken on an empty stomach. A study done by Nazari et al.27 showed that the administration of Captopril on an empty stomach will decrease its absorption significantly. In our study, only 67% of the students gave correct response scores for the knowledge of drugs like Griseofulvin, Ketoconazole, Albendazole should be taken with food rich in high fat content. Our study findings are similar in accordance with the similar study done by Enwerem et al.28 where in nurses groups with 0-4 and ≥20 years of nursing experience, gave less correct response scores regarding the interaction of Griseofulvin, Ketoconazole and Albendazole with fatty diets, which points out the existence of gap in the knowledge among health care professionals. These drugs have antifungal and anthelmintic properties. In the literature lacuna it is evident that antifungal drugs absorption is greatly increased when they are administered along with foods rich in fat.29
Our limitation in this study is it was conducted over short period of time and less number of participants. Our strength in this study is we could explore the gap in the knowledge of the students regarding different food drug interactions, and could identify the knowledge gaps. Multicenter study with larger samples will be beneficial. Geographic food habits, effects of flora and fauna, existence of different cultures, food habits stigmas and even the individual specificity need to be considered.
