Introduction
Diabetes mellitus has been defined by American Diabetes Association Expert Committee in their 1997 advice as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by increase the glucose level in blood, altered metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates & proteins resulting from fault in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long damage, dysfunction & failure of v organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart & blood vessels thus covering a wide range of heterogeneous disease contains more number of phytochemical substance like various proteins, calcium, carbohydrate etc.1, 2, 3, 4, 5”
In severe forms, ketoacidosis or a non–ketotic hyperosmolar state may develop and lead to stupor, coma and, in absence of effective treatment, death. The long–term effects such as progressive development of retinopathy with potential blindness and nephropathy that may lead to renal failure, and/or neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers, amputation, Charcot joints, and features of autonomic dysfunction, including sexual dysfunction, and increased risk of cardiovascular, peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease.”
Types of diabetes mellitus
Type I diabetes mellitus results from immune mediated destruction of the β cells of the pancreas, resulting in eventual absolute insulin deficiency. Roughly 5-10 % of people with diabetes have type I disease. Patients of type I disease is more likely to develop ketoacidosis than are people with type II diabetes.”
Type II diabetes mellitus has usually some degree of insulin resistance with variable insulin secretion. Insulin secretion is said to be relatively deficient because many patients may have normal to elevated level to insulin; however, their blood sugars remain elevated because of tissue resistance to the action of insulin. Many patients with type II diabetes can survive without insulin.6, 7, 8, 9”
Antidiabetic Effect of Folklore Medicinal Plants
Table 1
Medicinal plants having antidiabetic activity1
Table 0
Momordica charantia (bitter melon)
Momordica charantia are also called as vegetable insulin. It conatin various phytochemical constituents like polypeptide-p, Momordicoside S, Momordicoside T, Conjugated linolenic acid, linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, karavilagenine E, Oleanolic acid, Trehalose, Momordin and 9c, 11t, 13t conjugated linolenic acid. Different chemical constituents having a different pharmacological action to inscrease the insulin level and decrease the blood glucose level via utilization of glucose. Momordica charantia ethanol extract having more amount of saponin fraction and cucurbitane triterpenoids like, momordicine I, momordicine II, 3-hydroxycucurbita-5,24-dien-19-al-7,23-di-O-glucopyranoside, and kuguaglycoside G are increase the insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo model. The Momordica charantia contain protein parts which having potential antioxidant properties and activate the GLUT4 transporter potentiate the glucose uptake. It contains the Oleanolic acid which prevents cartilage degeneration in diabetic mice via PPARY associated mitochondrial stabilization.10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15”
Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi)
Tinospora cordifolia are highly appreciated in ayurveda for curing most all dieasease. It contains Alkaloids like Magnoflorine, Isocolumbin, Tembetarine, Berberine, trtahydopalmatine and Glycoside like syringing, tinocordiside, Cordifolioside A. The aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem are the b-cell regenerative efficacy in pancreases to increase the secretion of insulin. It contains berberine which Modulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 release by In vivo and in vitro studies. It contains Borapetoside C which improves insulin sensitivity in diabetic rats. The alkaloid which is decrease the blood glucose level. The Magnoflorine from Tinospora cordifolia stem inhibits a-glucosidase in rats.16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21”
Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek)
Trigonella foenum graecum seeds are contains more amount of 4-hydroxisoleucine. 4-hydroxisoleucine nonproteinogenic aminoacid is the potent antidiabitic properties. It's stimulating glucose dependent insulin secreation from pancreatic β cell, reduced hepatic and renal glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6 biphosphatase, direct stimulating effect on β cell function, inhibiting α-amylase enzyme and reduced insulin resistance in muscle and liver by activating insulin receptor associate phosphoinositide 3 kinase activities. Trigonella foenum graecum seeds are contains Galactomannan polysaccharide. Its glucose uptake by peripheral cells and tissue, increase in glycogen content in liver and increase glycogenesis and decrease in glcogenolysis. Trigonella foenum graecum seeds are contains Trigonelline alkaloid which improvement in hepatic and muscle glucogen content.22, 23, 24, 25, 26”
Polly Herbal Formulation Concept
Drug formulation in Ayurveda is based on two principles: Use as a single drug and use of more than one drugs, in which the latter is known as poly herbal formulation (PHF).27, 28, 29, 30, 31
This key therapeutic herbal master plan utilize the merging of medicinal herbs to achieve extra therapeutic effectiveness, usually known as poly pharmacy or poly herbalism. Based on the nature of the interaction, there are two mechanisms on how synergism acts (i.e., pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic). “In terms of pharmacokinetic synergism, the capacity of herb to facilitate the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of the other herbs. Pharmacodynamics synergism on the other hand, studies the synergistic effect when active constituents with similar therapeutic activity are targeted to a homogeneous receptor or physiological system. Other than that, it is believed that abundance of factors and difficulty cause diseases in most of the cases, leading to both visible and invisible symptoms. Here, mixing of herbals may act on more targets at the same time to provide a thorough relief. No disease has just one single symptom. Also in the pathogenesis of a disease different factors or at work. The common cold causes cough, headache, runny nose, nausea, fatigue. Likewise, we need non-identical medicines (plants) to resolve the signs and symptoms of a disease. The plants in a poly-herbal medicine may: rise the effectively and potency of the formulation, reduce unwanted effects, make the formulation more palatable, and increase its lifespan. Due to synergism, poly herbalism confers some benefits not available in single herbal formulation. It is evident that superior therapeutic effect can be reached with a single multi-constituent formulation. For this, a beneath dose of the herbal preparation would be needed to achieve advantageous pharmacological action, thus reducing the risk of side-effects. Besides, PHFs bring to improved convenience for patients by eliminating the need of taking more than one different single herbal formulation at a time, which indirectly leads to better compliance and therapeutic effect. All these benefits have resulted in the popularity of PHF in the market when collate to single herbal formulation.
Conclusion
Diabetes is a clinical syndrome characterized by the insulin deficiency, insulin resistance in human beings. Hyperglycemia leads to glycation of body proteins, fat and carbohydrate that in turn causes secondary complication the affecting eyes, neurons, kidney and liver. However, Multifactorial diseases to require multi drug formulation consisting of medications from different pharmacological actions to prevent their complication use of two-three herbs mixture (polyherbarisum) may overcome this problem and help to prevent complication still need of new well polyherbal formulation to achieving the avoid the society problem.
